orj78 wrote:

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Kindly download the readings for class.

just go to the dowloands page of our world lit 4 website.

Go to the website

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bro is dis it?

DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE:

• is the impassioned story of man, woman, and child since the world began.

• It reflects man’s many-splendored experiences, his hopes, his dreams, and the vagaries of his existence.

• It is the enduring expression of a significant human experience in words well-chosen and arranged.

ENDURING - lasting, permanent, possessing a mark of excellence and passed the test
of time.

EXPRESSION - a manifestation, an utterance, an embodiment, a reflection of something
else – in this instance – the human condition.

SIGNIFICANT - meaningful, important, distinctive, more to our point suggestion of some
concealed or special meaning.

EXPERIENCE - this is the “WHAT’, the heart of literature; the sum total of consciousness that make up an individual’s life but more importantly, the sum total of events that make up the past and the present of a community, a society, a nation, or even civilization that have occurred within the knowledge of mankind generally.

HUMAN - man in his essential nature, given to uncertain moods, unpredictable, fallible, erratic, enigmatic, of finite intelligence.
- “a queer race” – yet capable of soaring to greater triumphs of spirit over the most degrading conditions of poverty and oppression.

WORDS - to call on one word over hundreds for its music, magic and movement.
WELL-CHOSEN - to create a galaxy of meanings, feelings and vision from that one word.
AND ARRANGED - to ignore language is to ignore the “flesh and blood” of a literary piece.



FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE:

1. RECREATION (offers a form of escape) – to give pleasure and enjoyment
2. RECOGNITION (offers affiliation) – we find something of ourselves in the author’s reality and we get to know more or ourselves.
3. REVELATION (offers truth and order) – recognition of good and evil; gain lessons
4. REDEMPTION (offers insight) – we gain insights which help us to modify our lives for the better.



Notes on SKIMMING:

Skimming is a kind of reading. When you skim, you are looking for something – just as the honeybee is. Maybe you’re looking for a name in the telephone book. Maybe you’re looking through your history book for the date of a certain battle. Maybe you’re looking for a paragraph that you want to reread. When you skim, your eyes move swiftly along the words until you find the key word or group of words. This may be the information you want, or may be the signal to stop and read carefully what follows. Skimming does not take the place of regular reading. It is not a substitute for reading but it is a kind of reading for special uses.



INTRODUCTION TO FICTION

What is a Fiction?
• Refers to any narrative, in prose or in verse, that is wholly or in part the product of the imagination;
• Confirms what we already know, or contradicts it meaningfully, or calls it into question;
• Makes a statement between real life and the life it depicted in Literature.


Beginnings of Fiction
• It began as a story-telling, perhaps at night around warming campfires or anywhere else that people gathered.
• In those times the stories were sung or told in verse.
• It comes directly from the ancient oral tradition.
• Early stories were usually about figures or events familiar to particular groups, and such stories often become well known.
• Eventually, new characters with new characteristics appeared; new conflicts requiring other than the usual solutions were portrayed.


The Purpose of Fiction
• The purpose of fiction is to embody certain truths of human life in an series of imagined incidents.


Fiction as a shared experience and the writer’s role
• “…the primary role of any writer is to tell you a story out of human experiences, the anguishes and troubles of the human heart, which is universal, without regard to race or time or condition. He wants to tell you something which has seemed to him so true, so moving, either comic or tragic, that it’s worth repeating.” – William Faulkner
• As a shared experience, it is a sharing of statements, observations, and moods. The writer invites you into his or her created, ordered world so you can view your life from a new perspective.
• Fiction writing bears certain MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES!
Language in Fiction
• …ultimately makes the story work.
• …creates character, action, mood, tone, symbols and so on.
• In good fiction, in all great literature, it is language that we see, feel, and hear.


What influences our response to fiction?
• Author’s skillful use of language and the techniques that authors have developed to render experience in fictional form.
• Structure of the plot arouses our curiosity.
• The way the story is told offers us an unusual perspective on human behavior.
• We admire the power and the clarity with which the author has described a place or a character.


Common questions asked when analyzing a short story (using the elements)
• PLOT: What are the main events of the story and what causes them?
• CHARACTER: Who is the main character of the story? How is the character revealed to us? How does he or she change significantly during the course of the story?
• SETTING: Where is the story set? Is there a significant connection between the setting of the story and its outcome?
• POINT OF VIEW and TONE: Who tells the story? How does the way the story is told affect our understanding? What is the narrator’s attitude toward what he or she is telling?
• SYMBOLISM and ALLEGORY: Do any of the objects, people, or events in the story seem to represent larger concepts?
• THEME: What is the main idea the author is trying to convey?



INTRODUCTION TO SHORT STORY:

What is a Short Story?
• It is an account of human beings responding to human situations.
• It deals with a single character, a single event, a single emotion, or the series of emotions called forth by a single situation. (Brander Matthews, The Philosophy of the Short Story)
• It is a concentrated piece of life snatched from the ordinary and uneventful round of living and steeped in fancy until it becomes the acme of literary art.
• It must always have that intensity of emotion that comes only in the crucial tests of life.
• It must always try to present a cross-section of life in such a vivid manner that the importance of the incident becomes universal.


What are the possible sources of materials for a good short story?
• The author’s personal experience’
• The author’s observations of other people and their experiences
• The author’s impressions from reading
• The author’s imagination


How does one get to read and understand a short story?
• Consider the emotional attitude of the writer toward his/her material.
• Study the opening lines of the short story. It suggests the general tone of the story, which intensifies as the story progresses.
• Note the words that suggest emotion at the beginning of the story. Identify the emotion. Do the words refer to characters or to a place?
• Read the concluding sentences carefully. Again try to figure out the author’s feelings. Read between the lines to catch the subtle tones.


ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY:
(a relatively brief prose story usually characterized by uniformity of form and dramatic intensity and having as a plot a single action represented at the crisis)

1. PLOT (what happens to the characters)

A. 3 Kinds of Plot:
a. probable (to be expected)
b. improbable (not to be expected)
c. impossible/incredible (events are incredible; not capable of existing)

B. Characteristics of a Good Plot:
a. Credibility (no dues ex machina)
b. Consistency (no improbable shifts in characterization)
c. Interest (vividness, local color, suspense)
d. Unity of Effect (one strong impression on reader)

C. General Structure of Plot Development
a. Introduction (of setting, of characters, of problem, of conflict)
b. Rising Action (complication of problem or conflict)
c. Climax ( highest point of interest in the story; turning point)
d. Falling Action (resolution or denoument)


2. SETTING (time and place where the action occurs; background; mood)


3. CHARACTERIZATION

A. 2 Kinds of Characters in Relation to Conflict:
a. Protagonist (hero)
b. Antagonist (villain)


B. 2 Kinds of Characters in Relation to Plot:
a. major characters (those crucial to the plot)
b. minor characters (those incidental to the plot)

C. Methods of Characterization
a. Description of Narrator
b. Description of Other Characters
c. Words, Actions, Thoughts of the Character

D. Faults in Characterization
1. Inconsistency and incredibility of character
- words, thoughts, and actions which are “out of character”
- unrealistic dialogue; actions without prior motivation

2. “Flat” or “2-dimensional” Characters
- poorly described unrealistic characters which seem to lack “flesh and blood”
- characters who are either all good or all bad


4. DOMINANT IMPRESSION/MOOD/THEME (what one gathers from the story


5. POINT OF VIEW or ANGLE OF NARRATION

3 Points of View:
1. 1st Person Point of View
2. 3rd Person. Limited Observer Point of View
The narrator is another character in the story who has only a limited knowledge of the other characters and of the events in the story.
3. 3rd Person. Omniscient Point of View
The narrator, like God, knows the past, the present, and the future and can report the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters.


6. CONFLICT

3 Major Types:
1. Man against Man
2. Man against Nature
3. Man against Himself


7. STYLE

A. Different Emphases:
1. Setting
2. Character
3. Plot and/or Conflict

B. Different Techniques
1. Symbolism
2. Flashback or Flashforward
3. Stream of Consciousness
4. Dialogue
5. Figurative Language
6. Humor
7. Plot Twists or Surprise Endings
8. Economy of Words

bro, are we going 2 prnt dis, or we will just save ds from the computer?

ok im gonna print it nlng , just 4 sure ...
tnx again bro! ...tnx rn berna ^^ hehe..

HEY BRO MY PRINTER IS MALFUNCTIONING... SOB SOB SOB

psyche101 wrote:

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HEY BRO MY PRINTER IS MALFUNCTIONING... SOB SOB SOB

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just read it before you come to class... or if you have a pda (palm or HP), you can save it as a palmdoc. electronic documents are welcome in my class.

HAHAHA! swerte if chene yo pda. nah! nuay man... hahaha bien asa gad yo. hahaha...

wow! ready to copy and paste na d hand outs!!!

hehehehe....


JOWK....

tnx nlang!!!!

hehehehe.........

chriszy wrote:

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wow! ready to copy and paste na d hand outs!!!

hehehehe....


JOWK....

tnx nlang!!!!

hehehehe.........

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hehe copy paste nyo na lng! jowk lng bro

xake wrote:

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tnx... bro
i'm going to print it already.....

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hi zar! hehe kaw pla c xake

sure sure.........



yeah...
bro...........